Introduction

Contents

History

Emissions

Health effects

Exposure

Case study

Links

Issues

Way forward



References

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1.   AQEG (2005) Particulate Matter in the United Kingdom .  Defra, London   ISBN 0-85521-143-1
http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/airquality/publications/particulate-matter/index.htm

2.   Cardiovascular Disease and Air Pollution.  Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollution (COMEAP), Dept of Health , UK , 2005
http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/comeap/expertreview.htm

3.   Long Term Exposure to Air Pollution: Effect on Mortality  COMEAP,  Department of Health, UK, 2008
http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/comeap/statementsreports/longtermeffectsmort2007.htm

4. 
The quantification of the effects of air pollution on health in the United Kingdom: COMEAP,  Department of Health, UK, 1998,  ISBN 0113221029
http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/comeap/statementsreports/airpol7.htm

5.   Guidance on the Effects on Health of Indoor Air Pollutants, 
COMEAP,  Department of Health, UK,  2004
http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/comeap/PDFS/guidanceindoorairqualitydec04.pdf

6. 
COMEAP advice: The health effects of air pollutants July 2000
http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/comeap/statementsreports/healtheffects.htm

7.  In Preparation  Health Effects of Long-term Exposure to Ozone, 
COMEAP,  Department of Health, UK
http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/comeap/statementsreports/chptlongtermexpoozone.pdf

8.    Development of WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Report on a Working Group Meeting, Bonn, Germany  23-24 October 2006
http://www.euro.who.int/Document/AIQ/IAQ_mtgrep_Bonn_Oct06.pdf

9.   WHO, 2000a. The Right to Healthy Indoor Air. Report on a WHO meeting, Bilthoven, the Netherlands, 15-17. May, 2000. http://www.euro.who.int/document/e69828.pdf

10.  WHO, 2000c. Air quality guidelines for Europe; Second edition, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, European series No 91, Copenhagen, Denmark,
http://www.euro.who.int/document/e71922.pdf

11.  WHO, 2002. The world health report 2002: Reducing risks, promoting healthy life. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland,
http://www.who.int/entity/whr/2002/en/whr02_en.pdf

12.   WHO, 2005. Air Quality Guidelines Global Update. Report on a working group meeting Bonn, Germany, 18-20 October 2005. http://www.euro.who.int/Document/E87950.pdf

13.   WHO, 2006. Air Quality Guidelines Global Update, Executive summary. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. http://www.who.int/phe/air/aqg2006execsum.pdf

14.   Health Protection Agency:  Chemical Hazards and Poisons Division September 2007 Issue 10, pages 44 - 49
http://www.hpa.org.uk/chemicals/reports/hpa_chap_10.pdf   


The following references feature dioxin emissions and associated health effects

15.  Defra, January 2006, A Review of Bonfire Smoke Nuisance Controls, report compiled by NETCEN
http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/localenv/nuisance/smoke/pdf/bonfiresmoke-report.pdf  

16.  Food Standards Agency, 2001,
COT statement on the tolerable daily intake for dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls
       Consideration of the TDI    http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/cot-diox-epi.pdf
       Lay Summary   http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/cot-diox-lay.pdf
       Statement    http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/cot-diox-full.pdf

17.   Defra May 2006 ,  (Enviros Consulting Limited), Emissions of dioxins and dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Domestic Sources
http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/chemicals/pdf/dioxinsdomestic-final0605.pdf 

18.  Eurpean Dioxin Inventory (Results 0202/0203) residential plants / plants in agriculture, forestry and fishing pages 47 - 61
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/dioxin/pdf/stage1/domestic_combustion.pdf

19.  Deborah Buckley-Golder (Project Manager), Peter Coleman, Mark Davies, Katie King, Anne Petersen, John Watterson, Mike Woodfield, Heidelore Fiedler, Annika Hanberg  Compilation of EU Dioxin Exposure and Health Data, European Commission DG Environment  and UK Department of the Environment Transport and the Regions (DETR),  October 1999
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/dioxin/pdf/dioxin.pdf 
page for download:  http://ec.europa.eu/environment/dioxin/download.htm

20.  The European Dioxin Emission Inventory Stage II,  Volume 1 pages 41 -50, 
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/dioxin/download.htm#stage2

21.  IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Volume 69 Polychlorinated Dibenzo-para-Dioxins and Polychlorinated
Dibenzofurans 
http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/allmonos90.php  (download page)

22.  December 1998;
Toxicological Profile for Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs);  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, USA
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp104.html   (download page) 

.............................................................................
23. Clancy L, Goodman P, Sinclair H, Dockery DW; Effects of air-polution control on death rates in Dublin, Ireland: an intervention study; The Lancet
2002; 360:1210-1214
http://www.thelancet.com  

24.  Annette Peters and C Arden Pope III; Cardiopulmonary mortality and air pollution ( a commentary); The Lancet 2002; 360:1184-1185
http://www.thelancet.com  

25.  Proposal on the use of bituminous coal and petcoke; Dept of the Environment, Ireland
http://www.environ.ie/en/Environment/Atmosphere/AirQuality/PublicationsDocuments/FileDownLoad,949,en.pdf

26.  Agreement between Ireland's domestic solid fuel trade association and government
http://www.environ.ie/en/Environment/Atmosphere/AirQuality/PublicationsDocuments/FileDownLoad,1792,en.pdf 

27.  Anthony Johnson Medley, Chit-Ming Wong, Thuan Quoc Thach, Stefan Ma, Tai-Hing Lam, Hugh Ross Anderson; Cardiorespiratory and all-cause mortality after restrictions on sulphur content of fuel in Hong Kong: an intervention study;
The Lancet - 2002; Vol. 360, Issue 9346, 1646-1652
http://www.thelancet.com

28.  Bert Brunekreef, Stephen T Holgate; Air pollution and health;
The Lancet - 2002 Vol. 360, Issue 9341, Pages 1233-1242
http://www.thelancet.com


For papers referring to the relation between indoor air quality and health:

40.  Majid Ezzati; Indoor air pollution and health in developing countries; The Lancet 2005; 366:104-106
http://www.thelancet.com 

41.  Majid Ezzati, Daniel M Kammen; Indoor air pollution from biomass combustion and acute respiratory infections in Kenya: an exposure-response study; 
Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 109, Number 5, May 2001
http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2001/109p481-488ezzati/abstract.html

42. Edwards et al; Household CO and PM measured as part of a review of China’s National Improved Stove Program; Indoor Air 2007; 17: 189–203
http://www.isiaq.org/ 

For papers relating to Christchurch, New Zealand and to New Zealand in general:

50.  Chiodo et al, Health Effects of Eleven Hazardous Air Contaminants and Recommended Evaluation Criteria,  Air Quality Technical Report 13 for New Zealand Ministry of the Environment, October 2000
http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/air/11-hazardous-air-oct00.html 

51.  Various authors, Ambient Air Quality Guidelines, Air Quality Report 32 for Ministry of the Environment, New Zealand, May 2002

52. 
Mallet, T; Scott, A (2002): "Options for setting particulate emissions criteria for home heating appliances", Report No. R02/28, Environment Canterbury.

53.  Fisher et al; Health and Air Pollution in New Zealand: Christchurch Pilot Study, August 2005

54.  Mayurie Gunathilaka; Results of Hazardous Air Pollutant Monitoring in Christchurch, Report R01/31; October 2001
http://www.ecan.govt.nz/Plans+and+Reports/Air/Hazardous+Air+Pollutant+Monitoring.htm

55.  Mayurie Gunathilaka; Investigation of street level monitoring of carbon monoxide in Christchurch (1993-2001), Report U02/66; August 2002

56.  Lamb;  Household solid fuel heating: 2002 Christchurch home heating diary panel; Report U05/35; Environment Canterbury; June 2005

57.   Myles McCauley; Concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene in ambient air, Christchurch, 2004/2005; Report R05/21; Environment Canterbury; July 2005
http://www.ecan.govt.nz/Plans+and+Reports/Air/Hazardous+Air+Pollutant+Monitoring.htm

58.  
Myles McCauley; Ambient concentrations of polycyclic artomatic hydrocarbons and dioxins / furans in Christchurch - 2003/2004; Report R05/14; June 2005
http://www.ecan.govt.nz/Plans+and+Reports/Air/Hazardous+Air+Pollutant+Monitoring.htm

59.  Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand; Proposed National Environmental Standards for Air Quality; May 2004; ISBN 0-478-18935-4
http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/air/nes-air-standards-analysis/index.html 

60.  Environet Limited for Ministry for the Environment; Emission inventories for PM10 in New Zealand; August 2003
http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/air/air-quality-tech-report-38-aug03/index.html

61. 
Mayurie Gunathilaka; Concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene in ambient air, Christchurch, 2001/2002; Report R03/9; Environment Canterbury; May 2003
http://www.ecan.govt.nz/Plans+and+Reports/Air/Hazardous+Air+Pollutant+Monitoring.htm

62.  A J Scott; Real-life emissions from residential wood burning appliances in New Zealand, Ministry for the Environment; August 2005

63.  Millichamp and Wilton; Reducing Emissions from Domestic Home Heating, Ministry for the Environment; May 2002
http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/air/reducing-emissions-domestic-fires-may02.html 

64.  Emily Wilton; Timaru inventory of air emissions - 2001, Environment Canterbury; Report R01/29; October 2001

65.  Fisher and Petersen; Implications of reducing wintertime air pollution in Christchurch on greenhouse gas emissions, Environment Canterbury; October 2001

66.  Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand; Proposed Emission Design Standard for Wood and Coal Burning Appliances in Houses; October 2003
http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/air/emission-design-standard/

67. 
Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand; Health Effects of PM10 in New Zealand, Report 39; August 2003
http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/air/air-quality-tech-report-39/air-quality-tech-report-39-aug03.pdf

68.  Kelly, Mues and Webley;  Real-life Emissions Testing of Pellet Burners in Tokoroa,
Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand; June 2007
http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/energy/emissions-testing-pellet-burners-tokoroa-jun07/index.html 

69.  Proposed Canterbury Natural Resources Regional Plan of the Canterbury Regional Council. September 2007
http://www.ecan.govt.nz/Plans+and+Reports/NRRPNEW/ChapterThree/ 

The following refer specifically to carbon monoxide and its effect upon health 

70.  Keinman MT, Carbon Monoxide: Evaluation of Current California Air Quality Standards with respect to protection of children; California Air Resources Board September 2000 

71.  Green E and Short S et al; Indoor Air Quality in the Home(2): Carbon Monoxide; Institute for Environment and Health 1998 ISBN 1 899110 16 X

72.  Beate Ritz and Fei Yu; The Effect of Ambient Carbon Monoxide on Low Birth Weight among Children Born in Southern California between 1989 and 1993; Environmental Health Perspectives vol 107; 1; January 1999

73.   Samoli, Touloumi, Schwartz,  Ross Anderson, Schindler, Forsberg, Vigotti, Vonk, Kosˇ nik,  Skorkovsky, and Katsouyanni1; Short-Term Effects of Carbon Monoxide on Mortality: An Analysis within the APHEA Project;VOL 115; 11; Nov 2007 Environmental Health Perspectives
http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2007/10375/abstract.html 

74.  Fierro M:  Carbon Monoxide
http://coep.pharmacy.arizona.edu/air/air_quality/CARBON%20MONOXIDE.pdf 

75.  United States Environmental Protection Agency;  Air Quality Criteria for Carbon Monoxide; June 2000
http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=18163 

76.  Health Protection Agency; HPA Compendium of Chemical Hazards: Carbon monoxide
http://www.hpa.org.uk/chemicals/compendium/carbon_monoxide/PDF/hpa_compendium_of_chemical_hazards_carbon_monoxide_v2.pdf

77.  Committee on the Medical Effects on Air Pollutants; Letter to Members June 2001: Effects on Health of prolonged exposure to low concentrations of carbon monoxide
http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/COMEAP/issues/carmonoxjun01.pdf 


90.   Naeher et al; Woodsmoke Health Effects: A Review; Inhalation Toxicology, 19:67–106, 2007


91.  Lohmann, Lee, Abbott, Coleman, Jones; 
Verifying emission factors and national POPs emission inventories for the UK using measurements and modelling at two rural locations;  J. Environ. Monit., 2006, 8, 79-88.
http://www.rsc.org/delivery/_ArticleLinking/DisplayHTMLArticleforfree.cfm?JournalCode=EM&Year=2006&ManuscriptID=b511399g&Iss=1